These factors cause a mismatch of the bias currents flowing through the input circuit of the op amp, resulting in a voltage differential at the input terminals. Stresses placed on the die during packaging also make a minor contribution. Input offset voltage is primarily due to the inherent mismatch of the input transistors and components during die fabrication. ![]() In real devices, the offset voltage can be negative or positive in polarity and vary from die to die in the same wafer lot. In the model, a voltage source in series with the positive or negative input terminal represents the offset voltage. Our ideal op amp has zero volts across its input pins when the output is zero, but in reality, the input terminals are at slightly different dc potentials. Offset voltage (V OS) is the differential dc voltage required between the input pins of an op amp to make its output zero. ![]() The model of a real-world op amp (b) is considerably more complex than its ideal equivalent (a).
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